Chapter 9 - Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function
Video 9-1. Cardiac recording in apical two-chamber view for biplane Simpson’s calculations of LV systolic function (SV, LVEF%). LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; SV, stroke volume.
Video 9-2. Cardiac recording in apical four-chamber view for biplane Simpson’s calculations of LV systolic function (SV, LVEF%). Notice apical two- and four-chamber views are in the planes perpendicular to each other, thus providing reasonable volume estimates. LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; SV, stroke volume.
Video 9-3. Recording of the LVOT in parasternal long-axis view. LVOT diameter/radius measurements for the calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output with pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) are done at the attachment of the aortic cusps (see Figure 9-8). Note poor aortic cusps separation due to decreased LV systolic function (LVEF%). LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract.
Video 9-4. Recording of the LV at midpapillary level in parasternal short axis view for linear (M-mode) assessment of left ventricular function by TTE. LVEF is decreased by visual estimation and calculations (see Figures 9-11 and 9-12). TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle.
Video 9-5. Three-dimensional echocardiogram recording of the normal left ventricular systolic function.
Video 9-6. Three-dimensional echocardiogram recording of the severely reduced left ventricular systolic function (compare to Video 9-5).